Hariet Tubman

This article is about the 19th-century slave escape routes. For railroads built below ground, see rapid transit. For the band, see Underground Railroad (band). The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses used by 1 9th-century slaves of African descent in the United States in efforts to escape to free states and Canada With the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause. [l] he term is also applied to the abolitionists, both black and white, free and enslaved, who aided the fugitives. 2] Various other routes led to Mexico or overseas. 3] An « Underground Railroad » running south toward Florida, then a Spanish possession, existed fr the American Revolu n. or 12 known as the unde Sni* to View century, and reached estimate suggests th the until shortly after twork now generally ed in the early 19th and 1860. [5] one s had escaped via British North America (present-day Canada), where slavery was prohibited, was a popular destination, as its long border gave many points of access. Most former slaves settled in Ontario.

More than 30,000 people were said to have escaped there via the network during its 20-year peak period,[6] although U. S. Census figures account for only Numerous fugitives’ stories are documented in the 1872 book The Underground Railroad Records by William Still, an abolitionist who then headed the p Swipe to nex: page Philadelphia Vigilance Committee. [ Cet article est des chemins d’évasion d’esclave du XIXe siècle. Car les chemins de fer ont construit souterrain, voir le métro. pour la bande(l’orchestre), voir le Chemin de fer Souterrain (la bande) ((l’orchestre)).

Le Chemin de fer Souterrain était un réseau de parcours(routes) secrets et des maisons sûres utilisées par les esclaves du XIXe iècle de descente africaine aux États-Unis dans des efforts de s’échapper pour libérer des états et le Canada à l’aide des abolitionnistes et les alliés qui étaient compatissants à leur cause. [1] le terme est aussi appliqué aux abolitionnistes, tant noir et blanc, libre(gratuit) qu’asservi, qui a aidé les fugitifs. [2] Divers d’autres parcours(routes) ont mené au Mexique ou à l’étranger. 3] « un Chemin de fer Souterrain » le sud fonctionnant(courant) vers la Floride, ensuite une possession espagnole, n’a existé du dernier(tardif) 17ème siècle jusqu’à ce que peu de temps après a Révolution américaine. [4] Cependant, le réseau maintenant de notoriété publique comme le Chemin de fer Souterrain a été formé au début du 19e siècle et atteint sa hauteur entre 1850 et 1860. [5] une évaluation(devis) suggere qu’avant 1850, 100,000 esclaves se soient échappés via « le Chemin de fer ». 5] L’Amérique du Nord britannique (le Canada actuel), où l’esclavage a été interdit, était une destination populaire, comme sa longue frontière a donné beaucoup de points d’accès. La plupart des anciens esclaves se sont installés à l’Ontario. On a dit que Plus de 0,000 personnes se sont échappées là via le réseau pendant sa pério 12 l’Ontario. On a dit que Plus de 30,000 personnes se sont échappées là via le réseau pendant sa période d’affluence de 20 ans, [6] bien que des figures(chiffres) de Recensement américaines représentent seulement 6,000. 7] les histoires des Nombreux fugitifs sont documentées dans le livre 1872 les Rapports(Records) de Chemin de fer Souterrains de William cependant, un abolitionniste qui a alors été à la tête du Comité de Vigilance de Philadelphie. [ Although the fugitives sometimes traveled on boat or train,[20] hey usually traveled on foot or by wagon in groups of 1-3 slaves. Some groups were considerably larger. Abolitionist Charles Turner Torrey and his colleagues rented horses and wagons and often transported as many as 15 or 20 slaves at a time. 211 Routes were Often purposely indirect to confuse pursuers. Most escapes were by individuals or small groups; occasionally, there were mass escapes, such as With the Pearl incident. The journey was often considered particularly difficult and dangerous for women or children. Children were sometimes hard to keep quiet or were unable to keep up With a group. n addition, female slaves were rarely allowed to leave the plantation, making it harder for them to escape in the same ways that men could. [22] Although escaping was harder for women, some women did find success in escaping.

One of the most famous and successful abductors (people who secretly t aveled into slave states to rescue those seeking freedom) was Harriet Tubman, an escaped slave woman. [23] Due to the risk of discovery, information about routes and safe havens w 19 escaped slave woman. [23] Due to the risk of discovery, information about routes and safe havens was passed alang by word of mouth. Southern newspapers of the day were often filled With pages of notices soliciting information about escaped s aves and offering sizable rewards for their capture and return.

Federal marshals and professional bounty hunters known as slave catchers pursued fugitives as far as the Canadian border. [24] Fugitives were not the only black people at risk from slavecatchers. With demand for slaves high in the Deep South as cotton was developed, strong, healthy blacks in their prime working and reproductive years were seen and treated as highly valuable commodities. Both former slaves and free blacks were ornetimes kidnapped and sold into slavery, as was Solomon Northup of Saratoga Springs, New York. Certificates of freedom, » signed, notarized statements attesting to the free status of individual blacks also known as free papers, could easily be destroyed or stolen, so provided little protection to bearers. Some buildings, such as the Crenshaw House in far southeastern Illinois, are known sites where free blacks were sold into slavery, known as the « Reverse Underground Railroad ». Under the terms of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, when suspected fugitives were seized and brought to a special magistrate known as a ommissioner, they had no right to a jury trial and could not testify in their own behalf.

Technically, they were guilty of no crime. The marshal or private slave-catcher needed only to swear an oath to acquire a Writ of replevin for the retur 2 private slave-catcher needed only to swear an oath to acquire a Writ of replevin for the return of property. Congress was dominated by southern Congressmen, as apportionment was based on three-fifths of the number of slaves being counted in population totals. hey passed the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 because of frustration at having fugitive slaves elped by the public and even official institutions outside the South. n some parts of the North, slave-catchers needed police protection to exercise their federal authority. Opposition to slavery did not mean that all states welcomed free blacks. For instance, Indiana, whose area along the Ohio River was settled by Southerners, passed a constitutional amendment that barred free blacks from settling in that state. Bien que les fugitifs voyagent parfois sur le bateau ou le train, [201 ils voyageaient d’habitude à pied ou par le chariot dans les groupes de 1-3 esclaves. Quelques groupes étaient considérablement plus grands.

L’Abolitionniste Charles Turner Torrey et ses collègues ont loué des chariots attelés et transportaient souvent bien 15 ou 20 esclaves à la fois. [21] Les parcours(routes) étaient souvent exprès indirects pour confondre des poursuivants. La plupart des évasions étaient par des individus ou de petits groupes; de temps en temps, il y avait des évasions massives, comme avec l’incident de Perle. On considérait souvent le voyage particulièrement difficile et dangereux pour des femmes ou des enfants. Les enfants étaient parfois durement pour se taire ou ne pu pas se maintenir au niveau d’un groupe. De plus, o PAGF s 9